Raised in Harlem, New York, James Arthur Baldwin (1924–87) had a prolific career as an author, novelist, playwright, and social critic. His writing on the threshold of the Civil Rights Movement earned him a widespread following in America—among whites as well as blacks—for his lacerating accounts of black suffering and American injustice. He lived for much of his life as an expatriate in France, but took many long trips back to the United States to participate in and write about the Civil Rights Movement. Works include Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953), Notes of a Native Son (1955), Nobody Knows My Name: More Notes of a Native Son (1961), and The Fire Next Time (1963), among others.