The son of an African American slave and a white planter, Booker Taliaferro Washington (1856–1915) was part of the last generation of Americans to be born into slavery, freed in 1865 as the Civil War came to a close. After working in salt furnaces and coal mines in West Virginia, Washington attended the Hampton Institute, a school in Virginia dedicated to educating freemen, and, a few years later, at the age of 25, became the first president of the Tuskegee Institute, an African American teachers college in Alabama. He headed the Institute for the rest of his life, using his position to write about and promote his views on race and civil rights. Washington’s books include, among others, The Future of the American Negro (1899), Up from Slavery (1901), and Working with the Hands (1904).